BODEN, Sweden — Tucked away in snowy Swedish Lapland is a modern-day gold mine. But instead of picks and shovels, it's filled with thousands of computers.
These machines, known as mining rigs, are working around the clock to find new units of cryptocurrency — in this case, ethereum, the second-largest token globally.
To do so, they must compete with others around the world to find the answer to a complex math puzzle, which grows in difficulty as more and more computers, known as "miners," join the network. The aim is to ensure the security of the system and prevent fraud.
This ethereum mining facility is run by Hive Blockchain, a firm that focuses on using clean energy to mine crypto.
Benjamin Hall | CNBC
The whole process is underpinned by something known as "proof of work." And it uses up an incredibly large amount of energy. Bitcoin, the world's biggest digital currency, also uses this framework. It now consumes as much energy as entire countries.
Governments around the world are growing concerned. Some countries, such as China, have gone so far as to ban crypto mining outright.
Switching to renewables
At 86,000 square feet, Hive's Swedish mining facility is bigger than a standard soccer pitch.
Benjamin Hall | CNBC
Hive's Swedish operation is powered by a local hydropower plant in Boden, in the north of the country. The region is renowned for its surplus of cheap, renewable electricity.
"In the north of Sweden, 100% of the power is either hydro power-based or wind power-based," Johan Eriksson, an advisor at Hive, said. "It is 100% renewable."
Eriksson says crypto miners are using excess energy capacity that would have otherwise been wasted — in other words, it's not required by households in the region.
But the vast amount of power needed to run operations like Hive's has alarmed officials.
These machines, known as mining rigs, work round the clock to find new units of cryptocurrency.
Benjamin Hall | CNBC
Finansinspektionen, the Swedish finance watchdog, is calling on the European Union to ban crypto mining due to its huge energy usage.
"Crypto-asset producers are keen to use more renewable energy, and they are increasing their presence in the Nordic region," the agency said in a statement last year.
"Sweden needs the renewable energy targeted by crypto-asset producers for the climate transition of our essential services, and increased use by miners threatens our ability to meet the Paris Agreement."
Edinburgh-based crypto firm Zumo is part of the Crypto Climate Accord, a coalition of companies that aims to achieve net-zero emissions in the crypto industry by 2030.
Kirsteen Harrison, Zumo's climate policy advisor, says the initiative is working on a piece of software that would be able to verify the source of energy used in mining crypto as renewable.
"There's quite a lot of trials going on with that at the moment," she said. "If that's successful, then hopefully that will filter out to the rest of the sector."
Simply decarbonizing the production of cryptocurrencies may not be enough though, according to some activists.
Greenpeace and other environmental groups are calling for the bitcoin community to replace its proof of work mechanism with one called "proof of stake" instead. That would remove the huge computational cost of verifying new crypto transactions.
Ethereum is currently in the middle of a lengthy transition to proof of stake, a move advocates say would reduce its energy consumption by over 99%. And other cryptos, like cardano and solan, already operate on proof of stake networks.
But, as Harrison explains, moving a cryptocurrency like bitcoin away from proof of work is easier said than done.
"I don't believe that there's an option to do away with proof of work, precisely because not one single player has control of the system," she says.
Not everyone's on board
Although Hive and other crypto firms are increasingly turning to green energy to fuel their operations, there are plenty of others who aren't yet on board with the shift to renewables.
Some are deliberately using gas that would otherwise be flared to generate electricity for crypto mining, for example.
Since China banned crypto mining, bitcoin's backers had hoped this would make the cryptocurrency greener.
But a peer-reviewed study released in February found bitcoin mining only got dirtier in 2021, with miners actually flocking to regions that more reliant on coal and other fossil fuels, including Kazakhstan and southern U.S. states like Texas and Kentucky.
Part of the problem is the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin. While there are various groups now claiming to represent the industry, bitcoin has no central authority and anyone can participate in the network.
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